Developing a Mobile Application for Community Forest Sequestration Assessment: A Mixed-Methods Study
Downloads
A mobile application for community forest carbon sequestration assessment serves as a critical tool for supporting family forest management amidst climate change. This study aimed to design and evaluate the usability of a specialized carbon calculation application tailored for farmers using a mixed-methods approach. A sample of 29 farmers assessed the application via the System Usability Scale (SUS) and in-depth interviews. Results yielded a good average usability score (M = 76.90, SD = 14.12), with no statistically significant difference between trained and untrained users (t(27) = 0.326, p = 0.746; Mann-Whitney U = 113.0, p = 0.709), and a negligible effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.123). Qualitative insights corroborated these quantitative findings, highlighting high user satisfaction regarding ease of use (82.8%) and interface simplicity (65.5%). While users suggested expanding plant species databases and refining data input systems, the findings overall demonstrate that the application’s intuitive design facilitates practical usability without necessitating prior training. Enhancements to system stability are recommended to further optimize the user experience.
Downloads
[1] Philander, S. G. (1999). EI Niño and La Niña predictable climate fluctuations. Reports on Progress in Physics, 62(2), 123–142. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/62/2/001.
[2] Timmermann, A., An, S. I., Kug, J. S., Jin, F. F., Cai, W., Capotondi, A., ... & Zhang, X. (2018). El Niño–southern oscillation complexity. Nature, 559(7715), 535-545. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0252-6.
[3] Arunrat, N., Sereenonchai, S., Chaowiwat, W., & Wang, C. (2022). Climate change impact on major crop yield and water footprint under CMIP6 climate projections in repeated drought and flood areas in Thailand. Science of the Total Environment, 807, 150741. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150741.
[4] Supratid, S., & Aribarg, T. (2022). Climate Change Adaptation in Thailand. Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia: Springer Singapore, 197–216. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_10.
[5] Kiguchi, M., Takata, K., Hanasaki, N., Archevarahuprok, B., Champathong, A., Ikoma, E., ... & Oki, T. (2021). A review of climate-change impact and adaptation studies for the water sector in Thailand. Environmental Research Letters, 16(2), 023004. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abce80.
[6] Petpongpan, C., Ekkawatpanit, C., & Kositgittiwong, D. (2020). Climate change impact on surface water and groundwater recharge in northern Thailand. Water (Switzerland), 12(4), 1029. doi:10.3390/W12041029.
[7] Petpongpan, C., Ekkawatpanit, C., Visessri, S., & Kositgittiwong, D. (2021). Projection of hydro-climatic extreme events under climate change in Yom and Nan river basins, Thailand. Water (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–20. doi:10.3390/w13050665.
[8] Yang, S., Zhao, B., Yang, D., Wang, T., Yang, Y., Ma, T., & Santisirisomboon, J. (2023). Future changes in water resources, floods and droughts under the joint impact of climate and land-use changes in the Chao Phraya basin, Thailand. Journal of Hydrology, 620, 129454. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129454.
[9] Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council. (2023). The 13th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2023–2027). Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, Bangkok, Thailand.
[10] UN General Assembly. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Resolution A/RES/70/1). United Nations, United States. Available online: https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2015/en/111816 (accessed on January 2026).
[11] Apipoonyanon, C., Kuwornu, J. K. M., Szabo, S., & Shrestha, R. P. (2020). Factors influencing household participation in community forest management: evidence from Udon Thani Province, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 39(2), 184–206. doi:10.1080/10549811.2019.1632211.
[12] Boonkird, S. A., Fernandes, E. C. M., & Nair, P. K. R. (1985). Forest villages: an agroforestry approach to rehabilitating forest land degraded by shifting cultivation in Thailand. Agroforestry Systems, 2(2), 87–102. doi:10.1007/BF00131268.
[13] Saengsanga, T., Kaewthani, S., & Rattana, T. (2024). Plant Diversity, Traditional Utilization, and Community-Based Conservation of the Small-Scale Nong Sakae Community Forest in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Forest and Society, 8(1), 179–194. doi:10.24259/fs.v8i1.31433.
[14] Thammanu, S., Han, H., Ekanayake, E. M. B. P., Jung, Y., & Chung, J. (2021). The impact on ecosystem services and the satisfaction therewith of community forest management in northern Thailand. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(23), 13474. doi:10.3390/su132313474.
[15] Thammanu, S., Han, H., Marod, D., Zang, L., Jung, Y., Soe, K. T., ... & Chung, J. (2021). Non-timber forest product utilization under community forest management in northern Thailand. Forest Science and Technology, 17(1), 1-15. doi:10.1080/21580103.2020.1862712.
[16] FOR/AGR. (2025). Calculation for carbon sequestration. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. Forest and Agriculture Project (FOR/AGR), Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https://ghgreduction.tgo.or.th/th/tver-method/tver-tool/for-agr/item/3451-calculation-for-carbon-sequestration.html (accessed on January 2026).
[17] Shao, T., Qu, Y., & Du, J. (2022). A low-cost integrated sensor for measuring tree diameter at breast height (DBH). Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 199, 107140. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2022.107140.
[18] Sheng, Y., Zhao, Q., Wang, X., Liu, Y., & Yin, X. (2024). Tree Diameter at Breast Height Extraction Based on Mobile Laser Scanning Point Cloud. Forests, 15(4), 590. doi:10.3390/f15040590.
[19] Sullivan, M. J., Lewis, S. L., Hubau, W., Qie, L., Baker, T. R., Banin, L. F., ... & Phillips, O. L. (2018). Field methods for sampling tree height for tropical forest biomass estimation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(5), 1179-1189. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12962.
[20] Li, S., Fang, L., Sun, Y., Xia, L., & Lou, X. (2023). Development of Measuring Device for Diameter at Breast Height of Trees. Forests, 14(2), 192. doi:10.3390/f14020192.
[21] Zhao, K., Li, S., Wang, J., Sun, L., Fang, L., & Ji, J. (2024). Development and Application of Tree Radial Measurement Device. Forests, 15(10), 1710. doi:10.3390/f15101710.
[22] Ahamed, A., Foye, J., Poudel, S., Trieschman, E., & Fike, J. (2023). Measuring Tree Diameter with Photogrammetry Using Mobile Phone Cameras. Forests, 14(10), 2027. doi:10.3390/f14102027.
[23] Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, S., & Fang, L. (2023). Development of a Real-Time Continuous Measurement System for Tree Radial Direction. Forests, 14(9), 1876. doi:10.3390/f14091876.
[24] Butler, S. M., Schelhas, J., & Butler, B. J. (2020). Minority family forest owners in the United States. Journal of Forestry, 118(1), 70–85. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvz060.
[25] Catanzaro, P., & Markowski-Lindsay, M. (2022). Expanding Family Forest Owner Options to Keep Their Land in Forest Use. Journal of Forestry, 120(2), 208–221. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvab052.
[26] Poudyal, N. C., Butler, B. J., & Hodges, D. G. (2019). Spatial analysis of family forest landownership in the southern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 188, 163–170. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.018.
[27] Alwashmi, M. F., Hawboldt, J., Davis, E., & Fetters, M. D. (2019). The iterative convergent design for mobile health usability testing: Mixed-methods approach. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 7(4), 11656. doi:10.2196/11656.
[28] Hyzy, M., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M., Bai, L., Dix, A., Leigh, S., & Hunt, S. (2022). System Usability Scale Benchmarking for Digital Health Apps: Meta-analysis. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 10(8), 37290. doi:10.2196/37290.
[29] Oliveira, E. R., Branco, A. C., Carvalho, D., Sacramento, E. R., Tymoshchuk, O., Pedro, L., Antunes, M. J., Almeida, A. M., & Ramos, F. (2022). An Iterative Process for the Evaluation of a Mobile Application Prototype. SN Computer Science, 3(4), 262. doi:10.1007/s42979-022-01153-6.
[30] Strandell-Laine, C., Leino-Kilpi, H., Löyttyniemi, E., Salminen, L., Stolt, M., Suomi, R., & Saarikoski, M. (2019). A process evaluation of a mobile cooperation intervention: A mixed methods study. Nurse Education Today, 80, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.05.037.
[31] Shen, Y., Wang, S., Shen, Y., Tan, S., Dong, Y., Qin, W., & Zhuang, Y. (2024). Evaluating the Usability of mHealth Apps: An Evaluation Model Based on Task Analysis Methods and Eye Movement Data. Healthcare (Switzerland), 12(13), 1310. doi:10.3390/healthcare12131310.
[32] Wills, J., Byham-Gray, L., Rothpletz-Puglia, P., Sangmo, T., Rosen, T., Williams, S., Suaray, M., & Rawal, S. (2025). Usability and acceptability of a mobile application prototype for managing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A mixed methods evaluation. Preventive Medicine Reports, 55. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103108.
[33] Luo, S., & Botash, A. S. (2020). Testing a mobile app for child abuse treatment: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(3), 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.06.008.
[34] Stabile, A. J., Iribarren, S., Sonney, J., Demiris, G., & Schnall, R. (2024). Usability testing of a mobile health application to support individuals with active tuberculosis: a mixed methods study. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 49(2), 136–148. doi:10.1080/17538157.2024.2333379.
[35] Gülci, S., Yurtseven, H., Akay, A. O., & Akgul, M. (2023). Measuring tree diameter using a LiDAR-equipped smartphone: a comparison of smartphone- and caliper-based DBH. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(6), 678. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11366-8.
[36] Howie, N. A., & De Stefano, A. (2024). Measuring Tree Diameter Using LiDAR Equipped iPad: An Evaluation of Forest Scanner and Arboreal Forest Applications. Forest Science, 70(4), 304–310. doi:10.1093/forsci/fxae017.
[37] Sandim, A., Amaro, M., Silva, M. E., Cunha, J., Morais, S., Marques, A., Ferreira, A., Lousada, J. L., & Fonseca, T. (2023). New Technologies for Expedited Forest Inventory Using Smartphone Applications. Forests, 14(8), 1553. doi:10.3390/f14081553.
[38] Magnuson, R., Erfanifard, Y., Kulicki, M., Gasica, T. A., Tangwa, E., Mielcarek, M., & Stereńczak, K. (2024). Mobile Devices in Forest Mensuration: A Review of Technologies and Methods in Single Tree Measurements. Remote Sensing, 16(19), 3570. doi:10.3390/rs16193570.
[39] Wang, X., Singh, A., Pervysheva, Y., Lamatungga, K. E., Murtinová, V., Mukarram, M., Zhu, Q., Song, K., Surový, P., & Mokroš, M. (2021). Evaluation of IPAD Pro 2020 Lidar For Estimating Tree Diameters in Urban Forest. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 8(4/W1-2021), 105–110. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-VIII-4-W1-2021-105-2021.
[40] Ogawa, H., Yoda, K., Ogino, K. and Kira, T. (1965) Comparative ecological studies on three main types of forest vegetation in Thailand II. Plant biomass. Natural and life in Southeast Asia, 4, 49-80.
[41] Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., & Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines For National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Hayama, Japan.
[42] T-VER-S-TOOL-01-01 (2023). Calculation for carbon sequestration in tree. (Version 01). Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization), Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https://ghgreduction.tgo.or.th/th/tver-method/tver-tool/for-agr/download/6057/3451/23.html (accessed on January 2026).
[43] Islam, M. N., Khan, S. R., Islam, N. N., Rezwan-A-Rownok, M., Zaman, S. R., & Zaman, S. R. (2021). A Mobile Application for Mental Health Care During COVID-19 Pandemic: Development and Usability Evaluation with System Usability Scale. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1321, 33–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68133-3_4.
[44] Mclellan, S., Muddimer, A., & Peres, S. C. (2012). The Effect of Experience on System Usability Scale Ratings. Journal of Usability Studies, 7(2), 56–67.
[45] Lewis, J. R., & Sauro, J. (2018). Item Benchmarks for the System Usability Scale. Journal of Usability Studies, 13(3), 158–167.
[46] Mol, M., Van Schaik, A., Dozeman, E., Ruwaard, J., Vis, C., Ebert, D. D., Etzelmueller, A., Mathiasen, K., Moles, B., Mora, T., Pedersen, C. D., Skjøth, M. M., Pensado, L. P., Piera-Jimenez, J., Gokcay, D., Ince, B. Ü., Russi, A., Sacco, Y., Zanalda, E., … Smit, J. H. (2020). Dimensionality of the system usability scale among professionals using internet-based interventions for depression: A confirmatory factor analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 218. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02627-8.
[47] Khan, Q., Hickie, I. B., Loblay, V., Ekambareshwar, M., Zahed, I. U. M., Naderbagi, A., Song, Y. J. C., & LaMonica, H. M. (2025). Psychometric evaluation of the System Usability Scale in the context of a childrearing app co-designed for low- and middle-income countries. Digital Health, 11, 20552076251335412. doi:10.1177/20552076251335413.
[48] Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. doi:10.1177/1525822X05279903.
[49] Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Marconi, V. C. (2017). Code Saturation Versus Meaning Saturation: How Many Interviews Are Enough? Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 591–608. doi:10.1177/1049732316665344.
[50] Filiana, A., Rini, M. N. A., & Prabawati, A. G. (2023). Usability Analysis of “SiPasar”, a Web-Based Application for Mapping Traditional Markets in Yogyakarta. 2023 8th International Conference on Informatics and Computing, ICIC 2023, 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICIC60109.2023.10382036.
[51] Permana, P. A. G., Dewanti, P., & Santika, K. Y. (2024). Analysis of Sports Match Charts and Scoring Applications Based on Website and Mobile Using the System Usability Scale Method. 2024 6th International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent System, ICORIS 2024, 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICORIS63540.2024.10903865.
[52] Lewis, J. R. The system usability scale: past, present, and future. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 34(7), 577–590.
- This work (including HTML and PDF Files) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





















