Modeling Climate-Driven Attenuation in Next-Generation Wireless Communication Networks
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Electromagnetic signal propagation is particularly complex in hot regions because it is strongly affected by extreme weather conditions, including temperature, humidity, and dust concentration. This poses a significant challenge for telecommunications operators in network planning and management. The Middle East is an important region for such investigations because of its extreme temperatures, and Iraq provides a representative example. This study aims to evaluate the effects of climatic parameters on signal propagation across different frequency bands, including those used in 4G, 5G, and 6G systems. The analysis employs combined calculations based on signal attenuation and measurements of the most influential weather parameters, particularly temperature, humidity, and dust concentration. This study represents the first multivariable investigation in Iraq covering these three frequency bands while considering the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), and the feasibility of using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technology to mitigate climatic effects. The results reveal that temperature has a major effect on path loss, producing attenuation ranging from 0.6 to 2.4 dB/km. The findings also indicate that operation in the sub-terahertz band can be effective over short distances and in indoor environments. During the summer, the SNR may deteriorate significantly, highlighting the need for a climate-aware network management system.
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